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Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan
TAXONOMIC POSITION
Kingdom: Chromista
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Pythiaceae
OTHER NAMES USED
Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Breda de Haan) Tucker
Phytophthora allii Sawada
Phytophthora formosana Sawada
Phytophthora imperfecta var. nicotianae (Breda de Haan) Sarej.
Phytophthora lycopersici Sawada
Phytophthora manoana Sideris
Phytophthora melongenae Sawada
Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (Dastur) G. M. Waterh
Phytophthora parasitica Dastur
Phytophthora parasitica var. piperina Dastur
Phytophthora parasitica var. rhei G. H. Godfrey
Phytophthora ricini Sawada
Phytophthora tabaci Sawada
Phytophthora terrestris Sherb
COMMON NAMES
English
black shank
buckeye
fruit rot
stem blight
Spanish
planta prieta
pierna negra
pudración del tallo
pudración descendente
pata prieta
French
tige noire du tabac
jambe noir du tabac
phytophthorose
fonte de semis
gummose
China
yan tsaw yih bing
Germany
blattfleckenkrankheit: tabak
setzlingkrankheit: tabak
stammfäule
Italy
peronosporo del tobacco
Japan
eki-byo
Thailand
khang-dum
Vietnam
dom phan-heo la
NOTES ON TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE
The history of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the fungus was reviewed by Ho and Jong (1989). In summary, the description of P. nicotianae is based on discordant elements: the sporangia illustrated belong to P. nicotianae, but the oogonia belong to another organism (possibly a species of the genus Pythium). P. parasitica was described later and separated from P. nicotianae by several morphological features, although it was not realised at the time that there was a mistake in the original description of P. nicotianae. Both names have been used for the fungus, although P. nicotianae predominates in Europe and Asia, whereas P. parasitica predominates in the Americas.
The name P. parasitica var. nicotianae was introduced to distinguish the fungus causing black shank disease of tobacco from P. parasitica var. parasitica, the plurivorous pathogen. Two more varieties, P. nicotianae var. nicotianae and P. nicotianae var. parasitica were introduced on the basis of several morphological features, but without attribution of specific pathological characters. Plant pathologists have usually referred to the pathogen responsible for black shank disease of tobacco as P. parasitica var. nicotianae or P. nicotianae var. nicotianae. Other workers found it difficult consistently to separate these varieties, and some authors ignored them.
Inter- and infraspecific variation in P. nicotianae and P. parasitica has been examined using a variety of approaches and methods: morphological (Ho and Jong, 1989), biochemical (Oudemans and Coffey, 1991), integrated using numerical methods (Hall, 1993), serological (Cristinizio et al., 1983) and RFLP analysis of mitochondrial and chromosomal DNA (Förster et al., 1990). Often large populations from diverse hosts and geographical locations were used and there have been three wholly consistent results. First, that there is no significant difference between isolates called P. nicotianae and isolates called P. parasitica. Second, that there is no evidence to support separation of the species into varieties. Third, that there is no correlation between morphology or name and pathogenicity. In fact, all the isolates examined so far are very similar genetically, forming a relatively homogeneous group.
Separation into varieties is not justified, and, under the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the name P. nicotianae has priority over P. parasitica and must be used in preference. No holotype material of P. nicotianae was designated by van Breda de Haan, and so the species name was neotypified by Hall (1993) to unequivocally link the name with herbarium material and a living culture.
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary
TAXONOMIC POSITION
Kingdom: Chromista
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Pythiaceae
COMMON NAMES
Chinese
wan yi bing
English
phytophthora blight
downy mildew: potato
late blight: potato
late blight: tomato
Spanish
mildiu de la patata
tizon tardio
mildiu del tomate
French
mildiou de la pomme de terre
mildiou de la tomate
Russian
fitoftoros
Germany
Braunfaeule: Kartoffel
Braunfaeule: Tomate
Kraut und Knollenfaeule: Kartoffel
Krautfaeule: Tomate
India
aaloo ka jhulsa
Portugal
mela da batata
requeima da batata
NOTES ON TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE
The taxonomic understanding of species of Phytophthora and related organisms has been improving rapidly (Brasier, 1992; Brasier and Hansen, 1992). It is now clear that oomycete fungi are not related to ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi. Erwin and Ribeiro (1996) discussed the change in understanding of the taxonomic position of this group of organisms. It has long been held that organisms producing zoospores with two, unequal flagella are closely related. This characteristic includes the genus Phytophthora as well as some algae. In some classification schemes these organisms were grouped into the large kingdom Protoctista. However, a recent classification scheme, discussed by Erwin and Ribeiro, is that of Dick (1995a, b), in which the kingdom Chromista is supported. The genus Phytophthora occurs within the family Pythiaceae, which is included either in the phylum Oomycota or the phylum Peronosporomycota, depending upon interpretation. However, regardless of the groupings of more general taxa, it is very clear that the genus Phytophthora, the closely related genus Pythium, and the downy mildews (i.e. Bremia, Sclerospora, Peronospora, etc.) are unrelated to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
Phytophthora capsici Leonian
TAXONOMIC POSITION
Kingdom: Chromista
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Pythiaceae
COMMON NAMES
English
blight of pepper
pepper root rot
phytophthora blight
fruit rot of Capsicum
soft rot of tomato and cucurbits
pepper blight
blight: pepper
brown rot: watermelon
fruit decay: squash
leaf blight: cucumber
leaf blight: tomato
root rot: cucumber
root rot: pepper
root rot: tomato
Spanish
tristeza del Chile
pudricion del pie: pimiento
French
pourriture du fruit
mildiou du poivron
Germany
Faeule: Gurkengewaechse
Faeule: Paprika
Faeule: Tomate
Wurzelbrand: Pfeffer
Wurzelbrand: Tomate
Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybridge & Lafferty
TAXONOMIC POSITION
Kingdom: Chromista
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Pythiaceae
COMMON NAMES
English
tomato foot rot
damping off
ornamentals foot rot
damping-off
foot rot: ornamentals
foot rot: tomato
Spanish
podredumbre del tomate
podredumbre del tallo
French
coeur rouge des racines du fraisier
pourriture du collet des plantes d'ornement
pourriture de l'endive
Germany
Gerbera- Sterben
Wurzelfaeule: Tomate
Wurzelfaeule: Zierpflanzen
تحياتي
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